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Organic Paper II

Name of the Paper/Course: Organic chemistry

Name of the facilitator/Teacher: Dr. Ashwini Sonul Danao (Bodhane)

Duration: 30 hours

Semester: Semester I

Mode of teaching: Hybrid

Credits: 2 credit

Type of course: Core

Brief description about the course

Unit I: Structure, Bonding, and Reaction Mechanisms

A) Structure and Bonding:

Hybridization: In methane (sp³), ethane (sp³), ethylene (sp²), and acetylene (sp). Understand bond lengths, angles, and energies.

Effects: Inductive, electromeric, resonance, and hyperconjugation—definitions, examples, and applications.

Hydrogen Bonding: In alcohols, phenols, amines, and acids—its impact on physical properties.

B) Mechanism of Organic Reactions:

Bond Breaking: Homolytic and heterolytic cleavage—examples and factors influencing these processes.

Electrophiles and Nucleophiles: Definitions and examples, including neutral and charged species.

Reaction Types: Addition, substitution, elimination, rearrangement—energy considerations and reactive intermediates (carbocations, carbanions, free radicals, carbenes).

Unit II: Stereochemistry and Isomerism

A) Stereochemistry:

Isomerism: optical isomerism, chirality, enantiomers, stereogenic centers (e.g., lactic acid), optical activity, properties of enantiomers, and methods for resolution.

Configuration: absolute (R and S) and relative (D and L) configurations, sequence rules.

Diastereomers: chiral and achiral molecules with two stereogenic centers (e.g., tartaric acid).

B) Geometrical and Conformational Isomerism:

Geometrical Isomerism: E and Z systems; examples like maleic and fumaric acids, 2-butene.

Conformational Isomerism: Analysis of ethane, n-butane, cyclohexane—axial/equatorial bonds, Newman and sawhorse projections.

Unit III: Alkanes, Cycloalkanes, and Alkenes

A) Alkanes:

Nomenclature: IUPAC naming of alkanes, alkyl groups.

Formation Methods: Wurtz reaction, Kolbe reaction, decarboxylation.

Properties and Reactions: Physical properties, halogenation, nitration, sulphonation, etc. Mechanism of free radical halogenation.

B) Cycloalkanes:

Nomenclature and Formation: From dihalides, benzene, and cyclohexanone.

Reactions: Oxidation, chlorination, Baeyer’s strain theory—ring strain in small rings like cyclopropane and cyclobutane.

C) Alkenes:

Nomenclature and Formation: Methods like dehydrogenation, dehydrohalogenation, and dehydration.

Reactions: Hydroboration, oxidation, epoxidation, ozonolysis, polymerization. Markownikoff’s rule, peroxide effect, and mechanisms of addition reactions (e.g., Br₂, HBr).

Assessment: Online quiz, assignment

Evaluation: Distribution of marks:

Theory: 80 marks,

Practical: 50 marks,

Internal Assessment: 20 marks